Reduction of magnetic noise in PWM-supplied induction machines - low-noise design rules and multi-objective optimization. Réduction du bruit d'origine magnétique dans une machine asynchrone alimentée par MLI - règles de conception silencieuse et optimisation multi-objectif. Reduction of magnetic noise in PWM-supplied induction machines - low-noise design rules and multi-objective optimization: Reduction of electromagnetic audible acoustic noise and vibrations in electrical machines

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Le Besnerais, Jean

Edité par HAL CCSD

This thesis focuses on the reduction of the audible magnetic noise radiated by induction machines due to air-gap radial Maxwell forces in variable-speed traction application (e.g. subways and light-rail vehicles).

In a first part, an overview of the electrical and vibro-acoustic modelling techniques of induction machines and their associated assumptions is done. A review of the existing low magnetic noise design rules is done, and the influence of the motor and inverter design variables is discussed. Finally, the optimisation works applied to the induction machines are reported.

In a second part, a fully analytical model of the vibro-acoustic and electrical behaviour of the induction machine is established. Some simulation results are validated with finite element or boundary element methods, or tests. Saturation, load and pulse-width modulation (PWM) effects are considered.

In a third part, an exhaustive analytical description of the main magnetic forces is done. The exciting force harmonics are classified, and their characteristics are validated using experimental sonagrams and operational deflection shapes. On the ground on this analysis and DIVA simulations, some new low-noise design rules are inferred.

The model is then coupled to an optimisation algorithm in order to design a new low-noise motor achieving specified traction characteristics. Two rotor prototypes are designed to decrease the noise of a given industrialised motor.

Some tests are run on the first prototype, and up to a 15 dB decrease is observed in on-load PWM case. Furthermore, this new prototype successfully reached specified output torque without increasing iron losses neither phase current. . Cette thèse porte sur la réduction du bruit audible d'origine magnétique émis par les machines asynchrones alimentées par modulation de largeur d'impulsion (MLI), et plus particulièrement par les moteurs de traction ferroviaire.

Dans une première partie, une vue générale des travaux de modélisation vibro-acoustique des machines asynchrones et de leurs hypothèses est donnée. L'ensemble des règles de conception silencieuse existantes est présenté, et les effets des variables de conception du moteur et de l'onduleur sur le bruit sont rapportés, ainsi que les travaux portant sur la conception optimale des machines asynchrones.

Ensuite, un modèle analytique complet du comportement vibro-acoustique et électrique du moteur est établi (DIVA). Des résultats de simulation sont présentés et validés par éléments finis, éléments frontières ou par test. La saturation, la MLI et la charge sont pris en compte dans le modèle.

Enfin, une description analytique exhaustive des ondes principales de force magnétique est faite. Leurs caractéristiques (fréquence, sens de propagation, nombre de nœuds, amplitude) sont validées à l'aide de spectrogrammes et de déformées opérationnelles. A partir de cette analyse, de nouvelles règles de conception silencieuse sont établies.
Le modèle est ensuite couplé à un algorithme d'optimisation afin de concevoir un nouveau moteur à faible bruit magnétique respectant les caractéristiques de traction spécifiées, et deux prototypes de rotor sont conçus.

Des essais sont réalisés sur un premier prototype, et un gain de 15 dB est observé en charge et en régime MLI. Le nouveau moteur atteint le couple spécifié sans accroître les pertes ni le courant de phase.

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